SAMPLE 25

　　[動物學類]

　　Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.

　　Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.

　　Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.

　　These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.

　　1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

　　[A] advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.

　　[B] comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.

　　[C] explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.

　　[D] discussing the development of investigators’ theories about aggression among monkeys.

　　2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior?

　　[A] Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.

　　[B] Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.

　　[C] Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.

　　[D] Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.

　　3. The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because

　　[A] aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.

　　[B] successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.

　　[C] situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.

　　[D] most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.

　　4. The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?

　　[A] How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?

　　[B] Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?

　　[C] What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?

　　[D] How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?

　　5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

　　[A] A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.

　　[B] A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited.

　　[C] Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.

　　[D] Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】本題是一道中心主旨題。全文從頭至尾圍繞著 “aggression”一詞進行論述和討論，故本題的正確答案中應含有“aggression”一詞。第二段的第二句是本文論述和討論中的一條分水嶺，從該句往后敘述科學家們對“aggression”的新認識和發現;該句以前的部分敘述科學家們以往的認識。這就暗示了科學家有關“aggression”理論的進一步發展(development)。考生在閱讀原文時應重視并且善于捕捉和理解有關對立對比對照的信息。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導題。根據題干中的 “food deprivation”這兩個單詞可以把本題的答案信息來源確定在第二段的倒數第一、二句和第三段的首句，從這三句中可直接歸納推導出本題的正確選項D。考生在解題時要善于利用題干中的詞語確定正確答案信息在原文中的準確位置。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題型。考生可根據題干中的“have been especially interested in…”將本題的答案信息來源確定在第一段的第一句，因為第一句中的 “have always been struck by…”與之含義相同。 “strike”(過去分詞是struck)的含義是“吸引”。第一句話中的 “the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior” 以及第二句話中的“the social mechanisms that control it”均暗示本題的正確答案是D。考生在解題時一定要首先具備審題定位的能力，其次還要善于理解原文的細節信息。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】這是一道主題句理解題型。從客觀上講，本題的題干沒有提供任何可以利用的信息幫助我們去在原文中確定本題的信息來源。但是從另一方面講，這道題難在表面，易在本質，因為每一個注意到本文重點關鍵句的同學都不會忽略本文第二段的第二句，正是這句話給出了我們本題的正確答案。考生在解題時，尤其在迷失解題思路時，一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句以及每段的中心主旨句。這對于破解此類題型是非常重要的。

　　5. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】這是一道段落結構以及句間關系識別題。第二段的第二句和第三句是對第二段第一句所提出的假設(hypothesis)的否定。第二段第二句利用 “Southwick” 的研究成果作為證據(evidence)來否定以前科學家的假設。故本題的正確答案應該是A。考生在解題時應重視每個段落中每句話之間的相互關系。

　　[參考譯文]

　　研究猴子社會行為的研究人員總是對猴子好斗性的潛能，以及隨之而來的對它們好斗性行為所需要的社會控制而產生興趣。因此，以描述好斗性行為和引發這種行為的情景以及控制這種行為的社會機制為目的進行的研究，就成為最初對猴子社會行為研究的內容。

　　研究人員們起初相信，猴子們會為了環境中的任何資源而進行競爭;饑餓的猴子會為了食物而爭奪，干渴的猴子會為了飲水而打架，并且，總的說來，每當多于一只猴子同時為了同樣的刺激物爭奪時，爭執便會發生，并最終以某種形式的斗爭而解決。然而，猴子對刺激物展開競爭的動機開始受到懷疑，這是由于像索思維克那樣的實驗表明，減少空間或不給猴子喂食僅僅只能暫時增加猴子社會群體內部的爭斗。事實上，食物缺乏不但不能加劇好斗性，反而在某些情況下實際導致了沖突行為頻率的下降。

　　研究在野生狀態中在極端食物缺乏條件下的動物表明，饑餓的猴子將所能獲得的幾乎全部精力都用于尋找食物，而幾乎沒有任何剩余的精力來進行相互爭斗。此外，后來對一系列靈長目動物群研究的不斷積累的證據證明(比如由本斯坦所指導的研究)，引發好斗性行為的最強有力的刺激因素之一，就是在一個有組織的群體內引入一個入侵者。這樣的引入所導致的好斗性行為，比在任何其他為了制造競爭的實驗中所產生的好斗性行為嚴重很多。

　　這些對入侵者的研究表明，同一物種的成年成員首次被相互引見給對方時，會展示出相當大的敵意，這是因為在缺乏某種社會秩序的情況下，為了能控制動物之間的關系，一只猴子必須確立自己的地位。當單獨一只新動物被引入到一個已經存在的社會組織中來時，新來者會遭受到更加嚴重的攻擊。盡管在第一種情形中，好斗有利于確立某種社會秩序，然而，在第二種情形中，已經在群體中居住的動物則會對新來者進行圍攻，從而在開始便將新動物驅逐出現存的社會單元。同時引入幾只動物，將會減輕這種影響;如果是這樣，那么僅僅是因為整個群體在多種目標之間分散了其注意力。但是，如果被引入到某一群體中的那幾只動物能構成自己的社會單元，則每一個群體可能會作為一個單元向敵對的群體發起攻擊。但是，還是沒有單獨一只動物會遭到集體的攻擊，而正是團體的這種凝聚力，排除了持久的單獨作戰。是失敗的那個群體的投降，而不是獲勝群體這一方無節制的攻擊，這將會進一步減弱攻擊的強度和頻率。因此，猴群看上去主要是為了維持它們既已確立的社會秩序而并不是為了參加本質上是敵對的攻擊而組織起來的。