第一節(jié) 解題策略和備考建議

一.閱讀B節(jié)大綱樣題給我們的啟示

我們要注意這部分考的是段落的理解，我們要通讀全文尋找重復(fù)的連接手段，并確定話題詞，然后再對選項進(jìn)行語篇層次的剖析，發(fā)掘選項中的重復(fù)的話題，然后用選項的話題

詞來匹配文章段落的話題詞，做到對號入座。

Directions：

In the following article， some sentences have been removed. For Questions l——5， choose the most suitable one from the list A——G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 1)________

本段話題：滅絕動物 關(guān)鍵詞：extinct

Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

本段話題：巖石 關(guān)鍵詞：rock

2)__________________ . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.

本段話題： 水保存動物化石 關(guān)鍵詞：water

3)_____________________ There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had tow pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses .They were usually an inch or tow long but some were 2 feet.

本段話題: 像蟹一樣的早期海洋動物 關(guān)鍵詞：crab-like creatures

4)_______________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

本段話題： 甲殼動物 關(guān)鍵詞：ammonites, shell

5)______________

About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

本段話題：爬行動物以及哺乳動物 關(guān)鍵詞：reptiles, mammals

[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils .From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star- fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

啟發(fā)思維：

這篇文章講述的中心是化石，也可說是滅絕動物的尸體。前三段介紹化石如何的形成以及保存化石的條件，在其后的段落中按時間次序介紹了早期海洋動物，爬行動物以及哺乳動物之前的一些物種情況。

再讀選項，大致確定7個選項的啟示是：

[A]關(guān)鍵詞是“甲殼類動物(shellfish)”。

[B]談的是巖石保存滅絕動物，關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是巖石以及滅絕動物。

[C]首先介紹魚類，再談兩棲動物動物的情況。

[D]談海洋生物分布全球。

[E]談比較早的生物，然后是復(fù)雜點(diǎn)的。

[F]談水中的泥土是如何保存化石的

[G]化石如何形成以及酸化。

深入啟發(fā)：

這些選項有很多的共同點(diǎn)，有些選項就是在討論相同的話題詞，說明這些選項可以構(gòu)成干擾選項。這些選項的細(xì)微的差別值得我們仔細(xì)看，這其中往往會有出題人留給我們的陷阱。

比如：

[B]和[G]都是在巖石如何保存化石。

[D]和[E]都是談海洋動物的情況

我們可以了解選項的結(jié)構(gòu)：

[A]中的“many”說明與下文是總分結(jié)構(gòu)

[B]中的“nevertheless”表明上下文是轉(zhuǎn)折，上文可能有“although”

[C]中有很多時間詞，說明上下文有很多時間詞語與該選項對應(yīng)。

答案注釋

1、[答案][B]

[注釋]空格前內(nèi)容講遠(yuǎn)在人類之前，地球上就存在著一些諸如魚類的動物。它們有的還在地球上生存，有的已經(jīng)滅絕，沒有涉及到化石的內(nèi)容。空格后一段就直接談到了化石對我們研究動物的作用。由此我們可判斷空格處應(yīng)為引出“化石”概念的內(nèi)容，綜觀選項，[B]項適合，再把[B]項代入原文對照：原文前兩段的結(jié)構(gòu)為鋪墊一轉(zhuǎn)引出話題一對話題引申闡述，十分吻合，故選[B]。

2、[答案][F]

[注釋]空格前面說到了化石對人們研究古生物的作用，空格后面又說到了化石的形成：幾乎所有我們知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的額巖石里。這些化石里的動物大多數(shù)生活在水里或者靠近水的地區(qū)。根據(jù)語脈我們可推知空格處應(yīng)為與化石形成有關(guān)。有關(guān)化石形成只有[F]和[G]。而[G]更多地說到影響化石形成的因素，與后面的內(nèi)容聯(lián)系不上，選項[F]。

3、[答案][E]

[注釋]空格后面內(nèi)容提到還存在著類似螃蟹的生物，并且用形象的語言從多方面描述了

該類生物的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,從此句中aIso可知空格處涉及到內(nèi)容應(yīng)該與之相近 同樣地是講生物種類，同樣地講生物結(jié)構(gòu)。而且根據(jù)其按時間次序敘述的特征，這兒談的應(yīng)該是更早期的物種，依據(jù)這個判斷選項E符合。

4、[答案][A]

[注釋]我們先看作為空格內(nèi)容延續(xù)的其后的幾句話：這當(dāng)中，菊石是很有趣和重要的種類。它們有一個由許多小室組成的額殼，每一個代表它臨時的家。當(dāng)一個年幼的額菊石長大，它就自己生成一個新室而封存原先那個。從其中的of these我們可知，空格處應(yīng)該是對菊石所屬大類的概括。又從“they have a shell”可比較終確定正確選項為A。它們通過詞語上下義重復(fù)這一手段來維系語篇。

5、[答案][C]

[注釋]

空格后面內(nèi)容講大約七十五百萬年前，爬蟲紀(jì)的結(jié)束，許多種類滅絕。取而代之的是哺乳類動物。我們可將這個物種交替的過程往前推，我們可知空格所在段落應(yīng)涉及物種更替—有關(guān)爬蟲紀(jì)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。聯(lián)系選項只有[C]是有關(guān)爬蟲紀(jì)的內(nèi)容。

參考譯文：

人類生活在地球上的很久又前，地球上有魚、爬蟲、鳥、昆蟲、和一些哺乳動物。盡管這些動物里有些是現(xiàn)代生物的祖先，但其他的卻已滅絕了，也就是說，它們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有后代了。1[B]然而，我們對它們了解很多是因為它們的骨骼和外殼作為化石保存在了巖石里，從這些巖石中我們可以看出它們的尺寸和形狀，以及它們是如何行走的，以及他們所吃的食物的種類。

2[F]當(dāng)一個動物死亡，它的尸體、骨骼和外殼常常被溪水帶進(jìn)湖泊海洋，之后由泥土覆蓋。如果是生活在海里動物，那么它的尸體可能會下沉，被泥土覆蓋，越來越多的泥土跌落覆蓋在上面，直到骨骼或者外殼完全被包圍保存起來。幾乎所有我們知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的巖石里。這些化石里的動物大多數(shù)生活在水里或者靠近水的地區(qū)。因此，必然有許多我們還一無所知的動物、鳥類和昆蟲生活在它左右。

3[E]已發(fā)現(xiàn)的遺留物中早期的都是生活在海洋中的相當(dāng)簡單的物種。后來的形狀更復(fù)雜，當(dāng)中有海合，有著長手臂、由一根通向底或巖石的長莖吸附的星魚親系。也有蟹類生物，它們的身體由角狀物覆蓋。身體部分每邊有兩對腳。一對是用來在沙底行走，另一對用來游泳。魚上面有一雙復(fù)合眼，通常有成千上萬個透鏡。

4[A]甲殼類動物在巖石里有很長的歷史，許多不同的種類已為人類所知。這當(dāng)中，菊石是很有趣和重要的種類。它們有一個由許多小室組成的殼，每一個代表它臨時的家。當(dāng)一個年幼的菊石長大，它就自己生成一個新室而封存原先那個。在多西特海灘的巖里可見到成千上萬個這樣的東西。

5[C]比較初真正的脊椎動物是魚，比較早被發(fā)現(xiàn)在生活到三億七千五百萬年前。大約在三百百萬年前，兩棲動物即既能生活在陸地又能生活在水里的動物出現(xiàn)了。它們很大，有時有八英尺長。許多生在沼澤地里，那里也是煤炭斷層形成的地方。兩棲動物滋生了爬蟲動物。在近一百五十百萬年里這些是生活在陸地海洋和空氣里的生物的比較初形式。

在約七十五百萬年前，爬蟲紀(jì)過去，許多種類滅絕。哺乳動物迅速發(fā)展，我們可以追溯出許多熟悉動物的進(jìn)化軌跡如大象和馬。許多后來的哺乳動物盡管現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕，但卻為原始人所知，這在他們的壁畫和骨骼雕刻中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Sample two 排列段落的順序