自由式定語從句

　　自由式定語從句是指一個(gè)句子中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同成分帶定語從句的情況。這種從句的先行詞沒有固定模式，在句中充當(dāng)不同的句子成分，故該結(jié)構(gòu)中的定語從句稱為自由式定語從句。它們拆開來看，其實(shí)就是一個(gè)一個(gè)簡單的定語從句，因此，其翻譯也和簡單的定語從句相同。

　　Examples:

　　Thus the Arab Umayyed Dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medina to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.

　　Chinese Translation No. 1:

　　人們開始理由充分地認(rèn)為，阿拉伯麥伍德哈里發(fā)王朝阿拉伯伍麥葉里發(fā)王朝是征服戰(zhàn)爭完成后毫無作用的一個(gè)寄生集團(tuán);該王朝曾于661年從麥地那遷都大馬士革 。

　　Chinese Translation No. 2:

　　阿拉伯麥伍德王朝的統(tǒng)治者們征服了……，于661年將首都從麥地那遷往大馬士革，但此后他們便成了不折不扣的寄生蟲。

　　嵌套式定語從句

　　嵌套式定語從句是指一個(gè)句子中定語從句套定語從句的情況。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的定語從句其實(shí)和自由式定語從句基本相似，拆開來也是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的定語從句，只不過一個(gè)定語從句在另一個(gè)定語從句之中而已。

　　Examples:

　　Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central Asian homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.

　　Chinese Translation No. 1:

　　同樣，在東方是塞爾柱突厥人，他們從家鄉(xiāng)中亞進(jìn)入伊斯蘭教帝國;在那里被巴格達(dá)哈里發(fā)雇為雇傭軍。

　　Chinese Translation No. 2:

　　東邊也是塞爾柱突厥人。他們從自己的家鄉(xiāng)中亞地區(qū)來到伊斯蘭教帝國，充當(dāng)了巴格達(dá)哈里發(fā)的雇傭軍。

　　并列式定語從句

　　并列式定語從句是并列成分中的定語從句的簡稱，指一個(gè)句子中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列成分均帶定語從句的情況。

　　Examples:

　　This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually clashed in the Balkans.

　　這是一個(gè)防御性的盟約，旨在保護(hù)德國人免受法國人的攻擊，保護(hù)奧匈帝國免受俄國人的攻擊;因?yàn)榉▏�人想收�?fù)1871年失去的阿爾薩斯-洛林地區(qū)，而俄國人則在巴爾干半島同奧匈帝國接連不斷地發(fā)生沖突。

　　一主二仆式定語從句

　　Examples:

　　The old ways of earning a living was rivaled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.

　　古老的謀生之道正受到新農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)、新貿(mào)易和新行業(yè)的挑戰(zhàn)。其中，這些新興的行業(yè)使用一些奇怪的機(jī)器。這些機(jī)器無需傳統(tǒng)的人力和畜力，非常節(jié)省勞動力。

　　And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.

　　它有助于說明，為什么發(fā)源于中國的許多發(fā)明和希臘羅馬人所知道的許多發(fā)明，只是在西歐人手中才得到全面發(fā)展和充分利用。

　　Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient village that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.

　　因而，采邑是靠農(nóng)奴經(jīng)營的自給自足的村莊;農(nóng)奴不能隨便離開，并以其勞動養(yǎng)活教俗封建集團(tuán)。

　　Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.